Password managers: European providers compared

Recommendations

Passbolt

Luxembourg

86

Confidence: high

Open-source password manager for teams from Luxembourg – self-hostable with strong rights management.

EUOpen SourceSelf-Hosting

Psono

Germany

86

Confidence: high

Open-source password manager from Germany with client-side end-to-end encryption – self-hostable or as SaaS.

EUOpen SourceSelf-Hosting

Proton

Switzerland

82

Confidence: high

Swiss privacy suite with end-to-end encrypted email, calendar, drive, password manager and VPN.

EFTAOpen Source

Comparison table

Selection criteria

Distinguish between individual-user and team solutions. For teams, secure sharing, a roles/permissions concept and audit logs matter; for all users, end-to-end encryption, open-source (auditable) code and 2FA are important.

Data protection & compliance

Typical use cases

• Securely storing and autofilling passwords
• Sharing credentials in the team (without passing them on in plain text)
• Role- and permission-based sharing in organizations
• Self-hosting for maximum data sovereignty

Pricing guidance

For individual users there are often free or low-cost plans. Team/business plans are billed per user per month; open-source solutions can be self-hosted for free (server costs apply).

Providers in this category

Sovereignty ScoreName (A–Z)

Open sourceSelf-hostingEU/EEA3 results

Passbolt

Luxembourg

86

Confidence: high

Open-source password manager for teams from Luxembourg – self-hostable with strong rights management.

EUOpen SourceSelf-Hosting

Psono

Germany

86

Confidence: high

Open-source password manager from Germany with client-side end-to-end encryption – self-hostable or as SaaS.

EUOpen SourceSelf-Hosting

Proton

Switzerland

82

Confidence: high

Swiss privacy suite with end-to-end encrypted email, calendar, drive, password manager and VPN.

EFTAOpen Source

Frequently asked questions